Exploring the spatial relations between cereal yield and soil chemical properties and the implications for sampling

Abstract. In general, agricultural management has focused on differences between fields or on the gross differences within them. Recent developments in agricultural technology, yield mapping, Global Positioning Systems and variable rate applications, have made it possible to consider managing the considerable variation in soil and other properties within fields. This system is known as precision agriculture. More precise management of fields depends on a better understanding of the factors that affect crop input decisions. This paper examines the spatial variation in crop yield, soil nutrient status and soil pH within two agricultural fields using geostatistics. The observed properties vary considerably within each field. The relation between yield and the measured soil properties appears to be weak in general. However, the range of spatial correlation for yield, shown by the variogram, is similar to that of the soil chemical properties. In addition the latter changed little over two years. This suggests that information on the scale of variation of soil chemical properties can be derived from yield maps, which can also be used as a guide to a suitable sampling interval for soil properties.     

播种机组纯作业时间利用率与地块条件的匹配模型与试验

机械化播种作业是现代农业生产的重要环节,纯作业时间利用率是衡量播种机组作业效率的重要指标。该研究依据农业机组运行机理,在调查研究的基础上,提出季节时间利用率概念,确定了播种机组的作业时间构成,建立了播种机组纯作业时间、转弯时间、加种肥时间的计算模型和3种加肥方式下的播种机组纯作业时间利用率计算模型,明确各参数随地块面积、地块长度等条件变化的一般规律;以此为基础,在机组正常作业状态下,采用定距离多点多设备同步跟踪测的试验方法获取4种典型播种机组各类作业时间数据,并运用3σ原理剔除无效数据;依据所建模型及有效试验数据,采用Matlab 2012b对4种播种机组的纯作业时间利用率随地块条件变化规律进行模拟仿真,并采用Sigmaplot 12.5软件直观表达试验结果;进而探索了播种机组纯作业时间利用率随地块条件化的原因,确定了目标时间利用率条件下不同播种机组与其所适宜的作业地块面积和地块长度的定量关系:播种机组纯作业时间利用率大于0.6时,约翰迪尔7830机组适合作业地块面积大于等于6 hm^2、地块长度为1 200~1 400 m;维美德171机组适宜作业地块面积大于等于6 hm^2、地块长度为1 000~1 200 m;常发504机组适合作业的地块面积大于等于1 hm^2、地块长度为500~1 500 m;黄海254机组适合作业的地块面积大于等于0.3 hm^2、地块长度200~1 500 m。研究成果可为不同地块条件的播种机组选型提供定量依据。     

MODIS遥感影像的几何精校正--以阿勒泰地区为例

遥感资料的准备和处理是遥感技术在实际应用中的核心工作,几何精校正是利用地面控制点(GCP)对遥感影像进行的几何校正。研究在对阿勒泰地区草地监测时用ERDAS IMAGINE软件对MODIS资料进行几何精校正,主要对相关模型参数设置、控制点输入和几何精校正作了探讨。结果表明:影响几何精校正的因素,主要表现在GCP的数量、分布和定位精度及校正方法和重采样方法。     

二极管反向漏电流特性测试仪的设计

设计了一款在0~100℃和反向电压VR为0~1 000 V条件下,能够测试二极管反向漏电流特性的测试仪.它采用桥式输入I、CL7650组成的高精度放大电路、ADC0804和AT89S51完成了高压到低压的转换、信号的放大、采样、量化及显示,通过编程软件对测试结果进行修正,提高系统的测量精确度.对二极管IN4007的测试结果表明:所得反向漏电流分辨率达0.1 nA,准确度达1.79%.     

精准施药技术现状分析

在分析精准施药技术重要性的基础上,从信息获取方式、喷雾技术和控制系统3个环节对国内外精准施药技术进行了分析。首先,详细阐述了基于实时传感器和基于地理信息技术的信息获取方式;其次,分析了风送液力式喷雾技术、静电式喷雾技术、超低量和低量喷雾技术和仿形喷雾技术;最后对控制系统进行了阐述和分析,旨在为我国精准施药技术的发展提供借鉴。     

Investigation of the Effect of Mesh Size on the Effectiveness of Hotplate Aqua Regia Extractions

Aqua regia extractions with subsequent inductively coupled plasma determinations are a very common method of elemental analysis of soils and sediments. Before extraction, the material must be dried and sieved. Small variations in this early step can have a significant impact on the later outcomes, especially for unassisted (for example, without ultrasonic or microwave) extraction procedures. Therefore the impact of mesh size on the sieving process was investigated. A mesh size of 2.0 mm or greater yielded unacceptably high variations between the subsamples and a very poor recovery rate when compared to a 0.063-mm sieve. A mesh size of 0.3 mm resulted in the best outcomes, losing nearly no material in the fine sediment samples and about a tenth in the coarse samples. The precision was high for the 0.3-mm samples as well, only negligibly surpassed by the 0.1-mm samples for some materials.     

垂直圆盘式气吸排种器种子着地点原始误差数学模型的建立

使用气吸式播种机进行播种可大大提高作业效率,减轻劳动强度。针对目前垂直圆盘式气吸播种机在作业时存在种子着地误差较大的问题,分析其误差形成的原因与过程,建立相应的数学模型,为播种机具性能的改进提供理论依据。     

基于微环境因子的夏玉米叶水势软测量

叶水势是作物水分状况的最佳度量,是灌溉决策的重要依据。依据Penman-Monteith蒸腾算式计算或依据遥感数据反演的方法因机理算式复杂、待定参数多、可移植性差、测量成本高等原因,难以推广应用。因此,选取易于获取的作物微环境因子作为辅助变量,建立了基于RBF网络的夏玉米叶水势软测量模型,并进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,该方法简单实用,估算精度较高,是一种在线估算田间作物水分状况的有效措施。     

2BMJ-7型高速气吸式原茬精密播种机的研制

针对目前保护性耕作中垄作免耕播种机技术不完善的问题,研制了2BMJ-7型高速气吸式原茬精密播种机。介绍了该机的整机结构、主要特点及主要技术参数,并对该机采用的关键技术进行了研究。该机采用了电液自控仿形、种肥电子监测和分层精量施肥等先进技术,能一次完成破茬、开沟施肥、播种和覆土镇压等项作业,较好地满足了东北地区原茬精密播种技术的发展需要。     

精密播种之电子驱动系统设计

本文研究的排种自动控制系统是依据前轮转速控制排种,在排种量、粒距和前轮转速之间建立关系,并以单片机为核心,配以测速装置、驱动装置及处理电路,输出合理驱动脉冲驱动步进电机的转动,进而带动排种器轴转动达到均匀排种目的的一种电子驱动系统方案.